Smart buildings and human rights: the role of AI and Sensor Technologies in protecting occupant well-being.

Abstract

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and sensor technologies in modern buildings has transformed the way indoor environments are designed, managed, and experienced. Smart buildings now use interconnected systems to monitor temperature, humidity, occupancy, and air quality in real time to enhance occupant comfort and energy efficiency. However, the continuous collection and processing of personal and environmental data raises ethical and legal concerns about privacy, consent, and human rights. This paper
 the intersection between smart building technologies and human rights, focusing on how AI-driven sensor systems can both promote and potentially threaten occupant well-being. Drawing from literature on building automation, data protection, and ethical AI frameworks, the study explores the need for a human- rights-based approach to smart building design and management. The findings highlight that while AI and sensors can significantly improve thermal comfort, health, and productivity, the lack of robust data governance and transparency mechanisms may compromise user autonomy and privacy. The paper concludes that the future of smart buildings lies in developing ethical AI models and regulatory frameworks that balance technological innovation with the protection of fundamental human rights. Recommendations are made for architects, legal practitioners, policymakers, and engineers to adopt privacy-aware design principles and ensure that smart environments remain both intelligent and humane.